Basic theory:
In 1971, the Italians voltaic discovered bioelectricity and invented the beginning of the volt. Alkaline batteries in China were developed rapidly in the early 1990s. Among them, Shanghai first introduced Japanese equipment in the 1980s. Chemical power sources are used in various fields, and it is expected that in the near future, gasoline will be replaced as a vehicle power source to improve the environment.
As an emerging product, alkaline batteries will have a broad development prospect. Especially in China, the production of alkaline batteries only accounts for 5-6% of the total battery output. There is a large potential market and the development prospects are particularly promising.

The advantages and classification of chemical power sources:
advantage:
1. Can release energy and store energy
2. High energy conversion efficiency, no noise during operation
3. Easy to carry, especially suitable for mobile communication vehicles
4. Wide range of work, adaptability to the environment (resistance to shock, vibration, normal work under weightless conditions)
5. Important work parameters can be changed within a wide range
classification:
5.1 By performance:
 · Primary battery
 · Secondary battery
 · Reserve battery
 ·  The fuel cell
5.2 By shape:
 · Cylindrical (R)
 · Flat (F)
 · Square (S)

Battery type identification:
R20: a single cell of R20 manganese dioxide, ammonium chloride, chloride zinc-zinc system
LR6: a single cell of R6 manganese dioxide-alkaline metal hydroxide-zinc system
3R12: 3 R12 series
R12-3: 3 R12 in parallel
3R12-2: 2 single cells 3R12

6. Composition and function of chemical power supply: 6.1 Chemical power supply
Referred to as "battery", it is a device that directly converts chemical energy into electrical energy through chemical reaction.
6.2 Battery composition and principle
The composition of the battery:
 · Positive: The core of the battery. Active substance, involved in electrode reaction
 · Negative: The core of the battery. Active substance, involved in electrode reaction
 · Electrolyte: an important part of determining battery performance
 · Diaphragm sleeve: prevent direct contact between positive and negative active materials and cause short circuit
 · Housing: Electrical conductor
Principle (alkaline):
 · Negative electrode reaction: Zn + 2OH--2e=ZnO +H2O
 · Positive reaction: MnO2 + H2O + e = MnoOH + OH-
 · Total reaction: Zn+2MnO2=ZnO+2MnoOH
Note: Zn produces self-discharge in alkaline: 2Zn+2OH-=2ZnO+H2↑+2e
6.3 Requirements for each component
Requirements for positive and negative materials:
 · The positive electrode potential is super positive and the negative electrode potential is negative.
 · High activity (fast response, high winning rate) [
 · The active substance should be stable in the electrolyte and the autolysis rate should be small.
 · Active materials should have good electrical conductivity and low electrical resistance
 · Easy to produce, rich in resources
Requirements for electrolyte:
 · High conductivity, good diffusion efficiency and low viscosity
 · Chemical composition is stable, low volatility, easy to store
 · Positive and negative active materials can remain stable in electro-hydraulics for a long time
 · Easy to use
Requirements for the diaphragm:
 · Have good stability
 · Has a certain mechanical strength and bending resistance, and resists dendritic penetration
 · Easy to use
 · Good water absorption, pore size and porosity meet the requirements
Requirements for the enclosure:
 · High mechanical strength and normal shock
 · Ability to withstand process corrosion

6.4 Performance of chemical power supply:
The electrical performance of the battery is expressed in four ways:
 · Open circuit voltage;
 · closed circuit voltage;
 · Short circuit current;
 · Capacity

6.5 Battery open circuit voltage and load voltage (closed circuit voltage)
 · Open circuit voltage: the potential difference between the two poles when the external circuit connected by the two poles is open
Example: VMnO2=0.80V; VZn=-0.763V; E=1.5663V
 · Load voltage: also known as working voltage, closed circuit voltage, discharge voltage
When the battery is in working state, that is, the current in the circuit outside the battery flows through the battery and the battery voltage is: V=V+-V——Irn

6.6 Battery capacity and its impact
 · Battery capacity: refers to the sum of the discharged power, unit: AH
Example: A nickel-chromium battery with a capacity of 500mah, discharging at 50ma for up to 10 hours
Formula: C=1/R*V flat*t
C-discharge capacity; R-resist; V-flat-average voltage; t-time
Influencing factors:
 · How much is the amount of active substance
 · Active substance activity
 · Status of active substances
 · Battery structure and process recipe

6.7 Battery storage performance and life
Self-discharge: the battery self-reduction after storage for a period of time
Storage performance: The size of the discharge after storage for a certain period of time (humidity, temperature) when the battery is open.
Factors affecting battery life
 · Effective amount, binding and durability of active substances in the battery
 · The service life of the conductive skeleton
 · Corrosion resistance of active materials and separator conductive skeleton
 · Leakage caused by self-discharge
 · The quality of the materials used
 · Improper use of the battery, shorting the battery to the battery storage environment
 · Shocked, shocked